Traumatic Stress and Quality of Attachment: Reality and Internalization in Disorders of Infant Mental Health

نویسنده

  • ALICIA F. LIEBERMAN
چکیده

This article describes the interface between the fields of attachment and child trauma, their respective contributions to an understanding of infant mental health disturbances, and the clinical applications of an integration between attachment theory and trauma-informed treatment and research. The organizing theme is that a dual attachment and trauma lens must be used in the assessment and treatment of infants and toddlers with mental health and relationship problems. The quality of attachment is an important factor in children’s capacity to process and resolve traumatic experiences. At the same time, traumatic events often have a damaging effect on the quality of existing attachments by introducing unmanageable stress in the infant–parent relationship. It is argued that trauma in the first years of life needs to be assessed and treated in the context of the child’s primary attachments. Reciprocally, the etiology of attachment disturbances should include an assessment of possible exposure to trauma in the child and in the parents. Current conceptualizations of attachment and trauma are reviewed from this perspective, and a clinical illustration is presented to highlight how a traumatic stressor can trigger behaviors reminiscent of disorganized attachment. RESUMEN: Este artı́culo describe la relación antre los campos de la afectividad y el trauma infantil, sus respectivas contribuciones a la comprensión de los trastornos de salud mental infantil, y las aplicaciones clı́nicas de una integración entre la teorı́a de la afectividad y el tratamiento de información del trauma, y la investigación. El tema central es que un lente doble de afectividad y trauma debe usarse en la evaluación y tratamiento de infantes y bebés que presentan problemas en cuanto a su salud mental y sus relaciones afectivas. La calidad de la afectividad es un factor importante en la capacidad de los niños para procesar y resolver experiencias traumáticas. Al mismo tiempo, los hechos traumáticos a menudo le causan daño a la calidad de las existentes relaciones afectivas, ya que introducen tensiones difı́ciles de sobrellevar en la relación entre el infante y su madre o padre. Se sostiene que el trauma en los primeros años de vida necesita ser evaluado y tratado dentro del contexto de las relaciones afectivas primarias del niño. Recı́procamente, la etiologı́a de los trastornos de la afectividad debe incluir una evaluación del haber estado posiblemente expuesto al trauma, tanto en el caso del niño como de sus padres. Las conceptualizaciones actuales de la afectividad y el trauma se revisan desde esta perspectiva, y se presenta una ilustración clı́nica para subrayar cómo una situación traumática de estrés puede dar origen a conductas que son reminiscentes de relaciones afectivas desorganizadas. Direct correspondence to: Alicia F. Lieberman, San Francisco General Hospital, Building 20, Suite 2100, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110; e-mail: [email protected]. Traumatic Stress and Attachment Quality ● 337 IMHJ (Wiley) RIGHT BATCH

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تاریخ انتشار 2004